248 lines
8.1 KiB
ReStructuredText
248 lines
8.1 KiB
ReStructuredText
.. _reference:
|
|
|
|
.. warning::
|
|
|
|
Please be advised that the reference documentation discussing pybind11
|
|
internals is currently incomplete. Please refer to the previous sections
|
|
and the pybind11 header files for the nitty gritty details.
|
|
|
|
Reference
|
|
#########
|
|
|
|
Macros
|
|
======
|
|
|
|
.. function:: PYBIND11_PLUGIN(const char *name)
|
|
|
|
This macro creates the entry point that will be invoked when the Python
|
|
interpreter imports a plugin library. Please create a
|
|
:class:`module` in the function body and return the pointer to its
|
|
underlying Python object at the end.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: cpp
|
|
|
|
PYBIND11_PLUGIN(example) {
|
|
pybind11::module m("example", "pybind11 example plugin");
|
|
/// Set up bindings here
|
|
return m.ptr();
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
.. _core_types:
|
|
|
|
Convenience classes for arbitrary Python types
|
|
==============================================
|
|
|
|
Without reference counting
|
|
--------------------------
|
|
|
|
.. class:: handle
|
|
|
|
The :class:`handle` class is a thin wrapper around an arbitrary Python
|
|
object (i.e. a ``PyObject *`` in Python's C API). It does not perform any
|
|
automatic reference counting and merely provides a basic C++ interface to
|
|
various Python API functions.
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
The :class:`object` class inherits from :class:`handle` and adds automatic
|
|
reference counting features.
|
|
|
|
.. function:: handle::handle()
|
|
|
|
The default constructor creates a handle with a ``nullptr``-valued pointer.
|
|
|
|
.. function:: handle::handle(const handle&)
|
|
|
|
Copy constructor
|
|
|
|
.. function:: handle::handle(PyObject *)
|
|
|
|
Creates a :class:`handle` from the given raw Python object pointer.
|
|
|
|
.. function:: PyObject * handle::ptr() const
|
|
|
|
Return the ``PyObject *`` underlying a :class:`handle`.
|
|
|
|
.. function:: const handle& handle::inc_ref() const
|
|
|
|
Manually increase the reference count of the Python object. Usually, it is
|
|
preferable to use the :class:`object` class which derives from
|
|
:class:`handle` and calls this function automatically. Returns a reference
|
|
to itself.
|
|
|
|
.. function:: const handle& handle::dec_ref() const
|
|
|
|
Manually decrease the reference count of the Python object. Usually, it is
|
|
preferable to use the :class:`object` class which derives from
|
|
:class:`handle` and calls this function automatically. Returns a reference
|
|
to itself.
|
|
|
|
.. function:: void handle::ref_count() const
|
|
|
|
Return the object's current reference count
|
|
|
|
.. function:: handle handle::get_type() const
|
|
|
|
Return a handle to the Python type object underlying the instance
|
|
|
|
.. function detail::accessor handle::operator[](handle key) const
|
|
|
|
Return an internal functor to invoke the object's sequence protocol.
|
|
Casting the returned ``detail::accessor`` instance to a :class:`handle` or
|
|
:class:`object` subclass causes a corresponding call to ``__getitem__``.
|
|
Assigning a :class:`handle` or :class:`object` subclass causes a call to
|
|
``__setitem__``.
|
|
|
|
.. function detail::accessor handle::operator[](const char *key) const
|
|
|
|
See the above function (the only difference is that they key is provided as
|
|
a string literal).
|
|
|
|
.. function detail::accessor handle::attr(handle key) const
|
|
|
|
Return an internal functor to access the object's attributes.
|
|
Casting the returned ``detail::accessor`` instance to a :class:`handle` or
|
|
:class:`object` subclass causes a corresponding call to ``__getattr``.
|
|
Assigning a :class:`handle` or :class:`object` subclass causes a call to
|
|
``__setattr``.
|
|
|
|
.. function detail::accessor handle::attr(const char *key) const
|
|
|
|
See the above function (the only difference is that they key is provided as
|
|
a string literal).
|
|
|
|
.. function operator handle::bool() const
|
|
|
|
Return ``true`` when the :class:`handle` wraps a valid Python object.
|
|
|
|
.. function str handle::str() const
|
|
|
|
Return a string representation of the object. This is analogous to
|
|
the ``str()`` function in Python.
|
|
|
|
.. function:: template <typename T> T handle::cast() const
|
|
|
|
Attempt to cast the Python object into the given C++ type. A
|
|
:class:`cast_error` will be throw upon failure.
|
|
|
|
.. function:: template <typename ... Args> object handle::call(Args&&... args) const
|
|
|
|
Assuming the Python object is a function or implements the ``__call__``
|
|
protocol, ``call()`` invokes the underlying function, passing an arbitrary
|
|
set of parameters. The result is returned as a :class:`object` and may need
|
|
to be converted back into a Python object using :func:`handle::cast`.
|
|
|
|
When some of the arguments cannot be converted to Python objects, the
|
|
function will throw a :class:`cast_error` exception. When the Python
|
|
function call fails, a :class:`error_already_set` exception is thrown.
|
|
|
|
With reference counting
|
|
-----------------------
|
|
|
|
.. class:: object : public handle
|
|
|
|
Like :class:`handle`, the object class is a thin wrapper around an
|
|
arbitrary Python object (i.e. a ``PyObject *`` in Python's C API). In
|
|
contrast to :class:`handle`, it optionally increases the object's reference
|
|
count upon construction, and it *always* decreases the reference count when
|
|
the :class:`object` instance goes out of scope and is destructed. When
|
|
using :class:`object` instances consistently, it is much easier to get
|
|
reference counting right at the first attempt.
|
|
|
|
.. function:: object::object(const object &o)
|
|
|
|
Copy constructor; always increases the reference count
|
|
|
|
.. function:: object::object(const handle &h, bool borrowed)
|
|
|
|
Creates a :class:`object` from the given :class:`handle`. The reference
|
|
count is only increased if the ``borrowed`` parameter is set to ``true``.
|
|
|
|
.. function:: object::object(PyObject *ptr, bool borrowed)
|
|
|
|
Creates a :class:`object` from the given raw Python object pointer. The
|
|
reference count is only increased if the ``borrowed`` parameter is set to
|
|
``true``.
|
|
|
|
.. function:: object::object(object &&other)
|
|
|
|
Move constructor; steals the object from ``other`` and preserves its
|
|
reference count.
|
|
|
|
.. function:: handle object::release()
|
|
|
|
Resets the internal pointer to ``nullptr`` without without decreasing the
|
|
object's reference count. The function returns a raw handle to the original
|
|
Python object.
|
|
|
|
.. function:: object::~object()
|
|
|
|
Destructor, which automatically calls :func:`handle::dec_ref()`.
|
|
|
|
Convenience classes for specific Python types
|
|
=============================================
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. class:: module : public object
|
|
|
|
.. function:: module::module(const char *name, const char *doc = nullptr)
|
|
|
|
Create a new top-level Python module with the given name and docstring
|
|
|
|
.. function:: module module::def_submodule(const char *name, const char *doc = nullptr)
|
|
|
|
Create and return a new Python submodule with the given name and docstring.
|
|
This also works recursively, i.e.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: cpp
|
|
|
|
pybind11::module m("example", "pybind11 example plugin");
|
|
pybind11::module m2 = m.def_submodule("sub", "A submodule of 'example'");
|
|
pybind11::module m3 = m2.def_submodule("subsub", "A submodule of 'example.sub'");
|
|
|
|
.. cpp:function:: template <typename Func, typename ... Extra> module& module::def(const char *name, Func && f, Extra && ... extra)
|
|
|
|
Create Python binding for a new function within the module scope. ``Func``
|
|
can be a plain C++ function, a function pointer, or a lambda function. For
|
|
details on the ``Extra&& ... extra`` argument, see section :ref:`extras`.
|
|
|
|
.. _extras:
|
|
|
|
Passing extra arguments to the def function
|
|
===========================================
|
|
|
|
.. class:: arg
|
|
|
|
.. function:: arg::arg(const char *name)
|
|
|
|
.. function:: template <typename T> arg_v arg::operator=(T &&value)
|
|
|
|
.. class:: arg_v : public arg
|
|
|
|
Represents a named argument with a default value
|
|
|
|
.. class:: sibling
|
|
|
|
Used to specify a handle to an existing sibling function; used internally
|
|
to implement function overloading in :func:`module::def` and
|
|
:func:`class_::def`.
|
|
|
|
.. function:: sibling::sibling(handle handle)
|
|
|
|
.. class doc
|
|
|
|
This is class is internally used by pybind11.
|
|
|
|
.. function:: doc::doc(const char *value)
|
|
|
|
Create a new docstring with the specified value
|
|
|
|
.. class name
|
|
|
|
This is class is internally used by pybind11.
|
|
|
|
.. function:: name::name(const char *value)
|
|
|
|
Used to specify the function name
|
|
|