230 lines
8.4 KiB
ReStructuredText
230 lines
8.4 KiB
ReStructuredText
Miscellaneous
|
|
#############
|
|
|
|
.. _macro_notes:
|
|
|
|
General notes regarding convenience macros
|
|
==========================================
|
|
|
|
pybind11 provides a few convenience macros such as
|
|
:func:`PYBIND11_MAKE_OPAQUE` and :func:`PYBIND11_DECLARE_HOLDER_TYPE`, and
|
|
``PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_*``. Since these are "just" macros that are evaluated
|
|
in the preprocessor (which has no concept of types), they *will* get confused
|
|
by commas in a template argument such as ``PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(MyReturnValue<T1,
|
|
T2>, myFunc)``. In this case, the preprocessor assumes that the comma indicates
|
|
the beginning of the next parameter. Use a ``typedef`` to bind the template to
|
|
another name and use it in the macro to avoid this problem.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Global Interpreter Lock (GIL)
|
|
=============================
|
|
|
|
The classes :class:`gil_scoped_release` and :class:`gil_scoped_acquire` can be
|
|
used to acquire and release the global interpreter lock in the body of a C++
|
|
function call. In this way, long-running C++ code can be parallelized using
|
|
multiple Python threads. Taking :ref:`overriding_virtuals` as an example, this
|
|
could be realized as follows (important changes highlighted):
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: cpp
|
|
:emphasize-lines: 8,9,33,34
|
|
|
|
class PyAnimal : public Animal {
|
|
public:
|
|
/* Inherit the constructors */
|
|
using Animal::Animal;
|
|
|
|
/* Trampoline (need one for each virtual function) */
|
|
std::string go(int n_times) {
|
|
/* Acquire GIL before calling Python code */
|
|
py::gil_scoped_acquire acquire;
|
|
|
|
PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE(
|
|
std::string, /* Return type */
|
|
Animal, /* Parent class */
|
|
go, /* Name of function */
|
|
n_times /* Argument(s) */
|
|
);
|
|
}
|
|
};
|
|
|
|
PYBIND11_PLUGIN(example) {
|
|
py::module m("example", "pybind11 example plugin");
|
|
|
|
py::class_<Animal, PyAnimal> animal(m, "Animal");
|
|
animal
|
|
.def(py::init<>())
|
|
.def("go", &Animal::go);
|
|
|
|
py::class_<Dog>(m, "Dog", animal)
|
|
.def(py::init<>());
|
|
|
|
m.def("call_go", [](Animal *animal) -> std::string {
|
|
/* Release GIL before calling into (potentially long-running) C++ code */
|
|
py::gil_scoped_release release;
|
|
return call_go(animal);
|
|
});
|
|
|
|
return m.ptr();
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
Binding sequence data types, iterators, the slicing protocol, etc.
|
|
==================================================================
|
|
|
|
Please refer to the supplemental example for details.
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
The file :file:`tests/test_sequences_and_iterators.cpp` contains a
|
|
complete example that shows how to bind a sequence data type, including
|
|
length queries (``__len__``), iterators (``__iter__``), the slicing
|
|
protocol and other kinds of useful operations.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Partitioning code over multiple extension modules
|
|
=================================================
|
|
|
|
It's straightforward to split binding code over multiple extension modules,
|
|
while referencing types that are declared elsewhere. Everything "just" works
|
|
without any special precautions. One exception to this rule occurs when
|
|
extending a type declared in another extension module. Recall the basic example
|
|
from Section :ref:`inheritance`.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: cpp
|
|
|
|
py::class_<Pet> pet(m, "Pet");
|
|
pet.def(py::init<const std::string &>())
|
|
.def_readwrite("name", &Pet::name);
|
|
|
|
py::class_<Dog>(m, "Dog", pet /* <- specify parent */)
|
|
.def(py::init<const std::string &>())
|
|
.def("bark", &Dog::bark);
|
|
|
|
Suppose now that ``Pet`` bindings are defined in a module named ``basic``,
|
|
whereas the ``Dog`` bindings are defined somewhere else. The challenge is of
|
|
course that the variable ``pet`` is not available anymore though it is needed
|
|
to indicate the inheritance relationship to the constructor of ``class_<Dog>``.
|
|
However, it can be acquired as follows:
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: cpp
|
|
|
|
py::object pet = (py::object) py::module::import("basic").attr("Pet");
|
|
|
|
py::class_<Dog>(m, "Dog", pet)
|
|
.def(py::init<const std::string &>())
|
|
.def("bark", &Dog::bark);
|
|
|
|
Alternatively, you can specify the base class as a template parameter option to
|
|
``class_``, which performs an automated lookup of the corresponding Python
|
|
type. Like the above code, however, this also requires invoking the ``import``
|
|
function once to ensure that the pybind11 binding code of the module ``basic``
|
|
has been executed:
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: cpp
|
|
|
|
py::module::import("basic");
|
|
|
|
py::class_<Dog, Pet>(m, "Dog")
|
|
.def(py::init<const std::string &>())
|
|
.def("bark", &Dog::bark);
|
|
|
|
Naturally, both methods will fail when there are cyclic dependencies.
|
|
|
|
Note that compiling code which has its default symbol visibility set to
|
|
*hidden* (e.g. via the command line flag ``-fvisibility=hidden`` on GCC/Clang) can interfere with the
|
|
ability to access types defined in another extension module. Workarounds
|
|
include changing the global symbol visibility (not recommended, because it will
|
|
lead unnecessarily large binaries) or manually exporting types that are
|
|
accessed by multiple extension modules:
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: cpp
|
|
|
|
#ifdef _WIN32
|
|
# define EXPORT_TYPE __declspec(dllexport)
|
|
#else
|
|
# define EXPORT_TYPE __attribute__ ((visibility("default")))
|
|
#endif
|
|
|
|
class EXPORT_TYPE Dog : public Animal {
|
|
...
|
|
};
|
|
|
|
Note also that it is possible (although would rarely be required) to share arbitrary
|
|
C++ objects between extension modules at runtime. Internal library data is shared
|
|
between modules using capsule machinery [#f6]_ which can be also utilized for
|
|
storing, modifying and accessing user-defined data. Note that an extension module
|
|
will "see" other extensions' data if and only if they were built with the same
|
|
pybind11 version. Consider the following example:
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: cpp
|
|
|
|
auto data = (MyData *) py::get_shared_data("mydata");
|
|
if (!data)
|
|
data = (MyData *) py::set_shared_data("mydata", new MyData(42));
|
|
|
|
If the above snippet was used in several separately compiled extension modules,
|
|
the first one to be imported would create a ``MyData`` instance and associate
|
|
a ``"mydata"`` key with a pointer to it. Extensions that are imported later
|
|
would be then able to access the data behind the same pointer.
|
|
|
|
.. [#f6] https://docs.python.org/3/extending/extending.html#using-capsules
|
|
|
|
|
|
Generating documentation using Sphinx
|
|
=====================================
|
|
|
|
Sphinx [#f4]_ has the ability to inspect the signatures and documentation
|
|
strings in pybind11-based extension modules to automatically generate beautiful
|
|
documentation in a variety formats. The python_example repository [#f5]_ contains a
|
|
simple example repository which uses this approach.
|
|
|
|
There are two potential gotchas when using this approach: first, make sure that
|
|
the resulting strings do not contain any :kbd:`TAB` characters, which break the
|
|
docstring parsing routines. You may want to use C++11 raw string literals,
|
|
which are convenient for multi-line comments. Conveniently, any excess
|
|
indentation will be automatically be removed by Sphinx. However, for this to
|
|
work, it is important that all lines are indented consistently, i.e.:
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: cpp
|
|
|
|
// ok
|
|
m.def("foo", &foo, R"mydelimiter(
|
|
The foo function
|
|
|
|
Parameters
|
|
----------
|
|
)mydelimiter");
|
|
|
|
// *not ok*
|
|
m.def("foo", &foo, R"mydelimiter(The foo function
|
|
|
|
Parameters
|
|
----------
|
|
)mydelimiter");
|
|
|
|
By default, pybind11 automatically generates and prepends a signature to the docstring of a function
|
|
registered with ``module::def()`` and ``class_::def()``. Sometimes this
|
|
behavior is not desirable, because you want to provide your own signature or remove
|
|
the docstring completely to exclude the function from the Sphinx documentation.
|
|
The class ``options`` allows you to selectively suppress auto-generated signatures:
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: cpp
|
|
|
|
PYBIND11_PLUGIN(example) {
|
|
py::module m("example", "pybind11 example plugin");
|
|
|
|
py::options options;
|
|
options.disable_function_signatures();
|
|
|
|
m.def("add", [](int a, int b) { return a + b; }, "A function which adds two numbers");
|
|
|
|
return m.ptr();
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
Note that changes to the settings affect only function bindings created during the
|
|
lifetime of the ``options`` instance. When it goes out of scope at the end of the module's init function,
|
|
the default settings are restored to prevent unwanted side effects.
|
|
|
|
.. [#f4] http://www.sphinx-doc.org
|
|
.. [#f5] http://github.com/pybind/python_example
|